在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Regarding your need for mood stabilization, reflect on obtaining <a href="https://tooprettybrand.com/product/lasix-buy-online/">furosemide</a> online.
Purchase your essential dizziness relief medication with a click: https://usctriathlon.com/levitra-10mg/ . Secure and reliable solution for managing signs.
X-ray your options for purchasing antiviral medication affordably by checking the [URL=https://suddenimpactli.com/prednisone/]prednisone[/URL] . You can acquire the essential antiviral without breaking the bank via the internet.
If you're looking to diminish your discomfort, consider the option to <a href="https://alliedentinc.com/drug/malegra/">purchase malegra</a> . This medication offers an effective solution for handling inflammation and pain.
Explore affordable options for https://ormondbeachflorida.org/buying-levitra/ and save on your medication costs today.
Seeking a treatment for hair loss? Explore how to acquire <a href="https://otherbrotherdarryls.com/finasteride-canadian-pharmacy/">finasteride canadian pharmacy</a> , a proven method to combat balding securely.
Discover excellent options for managing your ailment efficiently with https://sadlerland.com/product/nizagara/ . Enhance your well-being immediately.
Boost your stamina and performance with [URL=https://downtowndrugofhillsboro.com/drugs/flomax/]flomax[/URL] . Enhance your vitality seamlessly now.
Purchase your solution effortlessly through <a href="https://tooprettybrand.com/retin-a/">retin a</a> , ensuring a speedy and secure transaction for your health needs.
Zero hassle to obtain your medication: just check out https://umichicago.com/eli-professional/ for various medical solutions!
You can locate the [URL=https://hip-hope.com/item/tadalafil/]tadalafil[/URL] by looking online.
Get your daily Cialis conveniently and securely by clicking <a href="https://planbmfg.com/tadalafil/">tadalafil 10mg</a> . Whether you're looking to obtain for individual use or managing a problem, you'll find top-notch options available online.
With increasing interest in herbal supplements for wellness, explore your options and buy https://seraamedia.org/prednisone-5mg/ for enhanced vitality and health maintenance.
Visit our site to discover your required pain relief. Buy [URL=https://sarahvuongbridaljewellery.com/product/prednisone/]prednisone en farmacia[/URL] on the internet for fast delivery.
Battling insomnia? Our pharmacy offers a quick solution. Purchase <a href="https://kileensgardenboutique.com/lasix/">furosemide</a> now for a peaceful night's rest.
Get the best prices for your healthcare needs with our outstanding https://suddenimpactli.com/albuterol/ . Grab your deal now and guarantee your well-being is consistently looked after.
Please look into employing <a href="https://embroidery-fun.com/product/pharmacy/">pharmacy</a> for your medical needs. They are a potent option for numerous diseases.
Explore trusted options to acquire https://damcf.org/item/testosterone-anadoil/ , ensuring your well-being is never compromised.
Research the best prices for your heart medication and discover the [URL=https://tv-in-pc.com/pill/kamagra/]kamagra without an rx[/URL] . Save funds while looking after your well-being.
Given the unpredictable nature of weather patterns, securing your property against inundations has never been more crucial. Explore options to protect your home with a <a href="https://altavillaspa.com/retin-a/">generic retin a us pharmacy</a> , offering a wide range of measures to combat water damage.
Keep your nights vibrant without interruptions. Get your solution with https://mypurelifefoods.com/levitra-20mg/ , accessible now. Buy easily online and relish discrete delivery.
Visit <a href="https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/kamagra/">lowest price kamagra</a> today to secure your supply of essential medicine at an unbeatable price.
Prices for Corion injections can be surprisingly affordable at https://winterssolutions.com/item/slimonil-men/ , especially when looking for affordable fertility solutions.
Purchase your path to confidence with our safe and effective solution; hit the link <a href="https://karachigo.com/strattera/">strattera generic pills</a> now. Achieve your desired appearance effortlessly!
Explore affordable ADHD treatment options by obtaining https://usctriathlon.com/propecia/ to handle symptoms effectively online.