在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Just find the ultimate <a href="https://winterssolutions.com/product/tadaga-oral-jelly-flavoured/">tadaga oral jelly flavoured canada</a> , easing your medical routine. Explore options to improve your application today.
For those seeking relief from gout or arthritis-related discomfort, consider exploring https://midsouthprc.org/sildalis/ . Acquire this remedy through a virtual pharmacy to potentially minimize your symptoms efficiently.
Visit [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/buying-lasix-online/]lasix[/URL] to acquire your medication without hassle.
Quickly discover the <a href="https://fpny.org/propranolol/">propranolol online</a> and save your medication effortlessly.
Reduce your cholesterol levels effortlessly by opting to buy your prescriptions on the internet. Don't miss out on the opportunity to https://lilliputsurgery.com/tadalafil-in-usa/ for your health needs.
Discover unparalleled convenience and discretion in securing your cardiovascular health by opting to buy this cholesterol-lowering medication online <a href="https://ofearthandbeauty.com/product/prednisone/">took 10 prednisone</a> .
Discover your path to enhanced well-being; purchase] extra super avana online https://fontanellabenevento.com/drug/extra-super-avana/ .
Venturing into the realm of cost-effective healthcare? Look no further, [URL=https://dallashealthybabies.org/meldonium/]meldonium[/URL] right here for your treatment.
Finding the best deal for your needs? Look no further than <a href="https://phovillages.com/propecia-1mg/">propecia</a> , your go-to source for purchasing this essential pharmaceutical.
Visit our online pharmacy to order https://phovillages.com/drugs/pharmacy/ , ensuring you receive your medication promptly.
Questioning where to find cost-effective treatments for your heart and cholesterol concerns? Look no further, learn about the [URL=https://center4family.com/prednisone-no-prescription/]buy prednisone online[/URL] today.
Quest for affordable testosterone replacement therapy ends here! Discover the current <a href="https://kristinbwright.com/item/zithromax/">zithromax online canada</a> to secure your treatment now.
Boost your vigor safely and discreetly—discover how to https://bakuchiropractic.com/product/propecia/ now. Obtain
To obtain your supply of vital medicine, simply follow <a href="https://lilliputsurgery.com/product/finasteride/">buying finasteride online</a> . Whether you're seeking to acquire for immediate use or to stock up, we've got you covered.
Boost your confidence and boost your performance with genuine https://nesttd-online.org/item/nizagara/ . Preorder now for a discreet and efficient solution to your needs.
Find relief from high cholesterol with our herbal treatments. Secure your health back with just one click: [URL=https://yourdirectpt.com/overnight-tadalafil/]tadalafil[/URL] .
Battle premature ejaculation with <a href="https://yourdirectpt.com/product/dapoxetine/">dapoxetine buy in canada</a> , a reliable solution. Order this treatment online and reclaim control.
Zero worries about aging signs with https://youngdental.net/viagra-online-usa/ , as you secure a route to revitalized vibrance.
Looking for the most affordable options for your medication? Discover great deals on [URL=https://youngdental.net/viagra-online-usa/]viagra online usa[/URL] today.
Discover amazing deals on your medication with our <a href="https://kristinbwright.com/item/priligy/">priligy in usa</a> .
Seeking effective skin infection treatment? Discover trusted https://bakuchiropractic.com/doxycycline/ options easily via the internet.
Quickly order your treatment online with [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/amoxicillin/]generic for amoxil[/URL] , ensuring an easy experience.
Discover excellent choices for managing your health issue efficiently with <a href="https://bakuchiropractic.com/cialis/">cialis 2.5mg</a> . Enhance your health immediately.
Acquire your medicine conveniently with our trusted online platform. Discover the advantages of https://yourbirthexperience.com/pill/propecia/ .