在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Research the most reliable sources to obtain <a href="https://bakuchiropractic.com/prednisone-20mg/">order prednisone for less</a> , essential for managing hypertension and heart-related conditions.
Obtain remarkable savings on your eyelash growth serum by exploring the https://bakuchiropractic.com/product/propecia/ , offering you the chance to buy effective treatment on the internet.
Quickly obtain your prescription with ease by opting to [URL=https://mnsmiles.com/product/womenra/]canadian womenra[/URL] , a streamlined way to manage your health.
When seeking <a href="https://phovillages.com/drugs/priligy/">generic priligy in canada</a> , consider exploring diverse digital markets to acquire economical treatment solutions.
Zap high prices with our exclusive https://bakuchiropractic.com/amoxicillin-650mg/ , and Bag a bottle of vital antibiotics without hassle online.
Optimize your alertness with trusted solutions. Explore [URL=https://tnterra.org/drugs/prednisone/]prednisone[/URL] for enhanced productivity, available via the internet.
The premier remedy for boosting male vitality is <a href="https://tooprettybrand.com/lowest-price-tadalafil/">achat de tadalafil en ligne</a> . With only one capsule, enjoy unparalleled strength.
"Visit now for unparalleled savings; redeem your exclusive https://recipiy.com/drugs/atenolol/ to cut costs on allergen defense today. Don't miss this offer to breathe easier at a fraction of the cost."
A comprehensive guide to treating Hepatitis C, detailing how <a href="https://sjsbrookfield.org/item/retin-a-from-india/">retin a from india</a> offers a robust treatment that fights against the virus effectively.
Gain access to https://goldenedit.com/drugs/buy-prednisone-online/ hassle-free. Procure your treatment effortlessly for controlling your wellness issues.
Yes, you can now purchase your prescriptions with ease and convenience through [URL=https://americanazachary.com/nizagara-capsules-for-sale/]nizagara[/URL] .
Quest for the lowest cost on medication? Securely acquire your <a href="https://bakuchiropractic.com/lasix/">lasix 100mg</a> online.
Hunting for an affordable solution to boost your fertility? Look no further! https://cafeorestaurant.com/drugs/lasix/ is your go-to option. Whether you're aiming to acquire this essential hormone, our site offers the best deals. Perfect for those undergoing fertility treatments or in need of hormone therapy, our product promises quality.
Here's your encoded request:
Have nasal congestion been troubling you? Get alleviation with a simple solution. <a href="https://youngdental.net/product/lasix-price-walmart/">lasix 100 australia</a> offers reliable treatment for nasal congestion.
Your search for affordable antibiotics ends here; get your https://tei2020.com/amoxil/ via the internet for effective bacterial infection treatment.
Purchase top-quality and affordable medication for hair loss. Click here: [URL=https://goldenedit.com/prednisone/]prednisone 40mg[/URL] to order your remedy online.
Try reducing your discomfort effortlessly by clicking on <a href="https://the7upexperience.com/vidalista/">generic vidalista indian</a> , the link to obtain safe and effective solution.
Absolutely alleviate allergies with easy access to https://ormondbeachflorida.org/nizagara-without-dr-prescription/ . Secure your immediate allergy relief via the web without the need for a prescription.
Visit our website to acquire your [URL=https://the7upexperience.com/vidalista/]vidalista en argentina[/URL] easily and without hassle.
Experience the benefits of <a href="https://karachigo.com/vardenafil/">levitra 20mg</a> by considering a natural approach to boost your well-being.
Curious about how to boost your energy? Consider trying https://tei2020.com/priligy-60mg/ , a reputable product designed to augment your health.
Quest for affordable testosterone replacement therapy ends here! Discover the most-recent <a href="https://usctriathlon.com/lasipen/">lowest price on generic lasipen</a> for your solution today.
Keeping your vitality at its peak has never been easier. Explore a variety of solutions with our https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/walmart-tadalafil-price/ , offering a swift enhancement in your health.
Considering a quick funding solution? Explore <a href="https://karachigo.com/tretinoin-capsules-for-sale/">tretinoin capsules for sale</a> for fast financial aid.
Discover an straightforward method to acquire your individual https://karachigo.com/tretinoin-capsules-for-sale/ via the internet.
Researching your options for treating fertility issues? [URL=https://kristinbwright.com/item/zithromax/]zithromax[/URL] offers detailed insights. Explore how this solution can aid improving fertility.