在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Access affordable treatment alternatives: <a href="https://tei2020.com/levitra-10mg/">on levitra line</a> offers diverse options for patients seeking quality chemotherapy solutions.
Discover a pathway to calmness and stability over stress by opting to buy https://ormondbeachflorida.org/vardenafil/ .
Considering acquiring your medications without the hassle? Visit [URL=https://usctriathlon.com/pharmacy-on-line/]pharmacy[/URL] for a convenient way to buy your meds online.
Get your daily Cialis conveniently and securely by clicking <a href="https://fairbusinessgoodwillappraisal.com/kamagra-oral-jelly-vol-1/">cheap kamagra oral jelly vol 1</a> . Whether you're looking to obtain for individual use or addressing a problem, you'll find premium options available on the web.
Seeking relief from BPH symptoms? Explore your options with https://youngdental.net/product/flomax-online/ , a remedy for reducing prostate enlargement symptoms.
Combat vertigo symptoms efficiently by visiting [URL=https://seraamedia.org/pharmacy/]pharmacy uk[/URL] to obtain your medication without hassle.
X-ray your options for wellness supplements and discover how to boost your health. Purchase your <a href="https://seraamedia.org/product/doxycycline/">doxycycline hyclate</a> via the internet for cost-effective, easy access.
Keeping allergies at bay doesn't have to be costly. https://glenwoodwine.com/zoloft/ offers an affordable solution.
Zero hassle to purchase your necessary medication with <a href="https://midsouthprc.org/product/amoxicillin-without-a-doctor/">amoxicillin best price usa</a> .
Boost your hair growth journey with https://tv-in-pc.com/cost-of-priligy-tablets/ , the ultimate solution for those struggling with hair loss. Enhance your confidence by addressing thinning hair effectively.
Looking for an easy and convenient way to purchase your eye care medication? Consider choosing our <a href="https://tei2020.com/priligy/">priligy online usa</a> service, where you can buy your prescription from the ease of your home.
Seeking relief from OCD symptoms? https://tei2020.com/priligy/ offers a solution. Explore this treatment now.
Visit [URL=https://glenwoodwine.com/drug/malegra/]malegra information[/URL] to secure your medication without hassle.
Unlock savings on your desmopressin needs with <a href="https://mnsmiles.com/vpxl/">vpxl</a> , your go-to destination. Purchase the necessary therapy on the web with ease.
For a thrilling experience in gaming and entertainment, visit https://myhealthincheck.com/lady-era/ . With a plethora of games and top-notch customer service, it's the ideal choice for gamers.
Seeking relief from BPH symptoms? Explore your options with [URL=https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/product/levitra-oral-jelly/]levitra oral jelly coupons[/URL] , a remedy for easing urinary symptoms.
Research the best prices for your heart medication and discover the <a href="https://nabba-us.com/drugs/lasix/">purchase lasix online</a> . Save funds while taking care of your well-being.
You can get effective pain relief by choosing to https://sarahvuongbridaljewellery.com/item/pharmacy/ , ensuring fast delivery directly to your home.
Explore affordable options for your medicine needs: [URL=https://sjsbrookfield.org/frumil/]frumil[/URL] . With our guide, discover the best rates easily on the internet.
Obtain your health supplements at unmatched rates, visit <a href="https://marcagloballlc.com/pill/viagra/">viagra</a> today! Explore a spectrum of options for your wellness regimen effortlessly.
Experiencing unexpected gout attacks? Learn how https://goldenedit.com/drugs/stromectol/ can assist in controlling your conditions.
For those seeking an affordable solution to their health concerns, ordering [URL=https://usctriathlon.com/nexium/]nexium without dr prescription usa[/URL] via the internet presents a budget-friendly option.
Browse our platform to purchase your necessary heart medication conveniently—<a href="https://tv-in-pc.com/zithromax/">zithromax</a> .
Maximize your savings on treatments for erectile dysfunction by exploring https://usctriathlon.com/product/ed-trial-pack/ , where you can discover a wide selection of solutions.
To procure your medication effortlessly, [URL=https://sarahvuongbridaljewellery.com/item/pharmacy/]pharmacy[/URL] from a reputable source.
Manage your symptoms effectively with <a href="https://fpny.org/buying-amoxicillin/">amoxicillin</a> . You can obtain this essential treatment through our website for seamless, rapid relief.
Secure the supply of hormonal treatments now at https://sarahvuongbridaljewellery.com/item/tadalafil/ .
Jumpstart your journey to enhanced wellness with affordable, high-quality [URL=https://goldenedit.com/vidalista/]www.vidalista.com[/URL] . Find your path to improved health online today.