在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Secure your medication easily and swiftly with <a href="https://cassandraplummer.com/drugs/aromasin/">lowest price for aromasin</a> , ensuring complete discretion and efficiency.
Visit https://seraamedia.org/doxycycline/ to secure your antibiotic without hassle.
Optimize your health and wellness routine by obtaining your drugs effortlessly. [URL=https://fontanellabenevento.com/drug/extra-super-avana/]pharmacy prices for extra super avana[/URL] offers a convenient solution for boosting your vitality.
Harness the power of enhanced performance and satisfaction; discover the benefits of <a href="https://suddenimpactli.com/pharmacy/">uk prescription pharmacy online</a> .
Navigate your way to https://ucnewark.com/product/asthalin-hfa-inhaler/ for an ultimate answer to medical necessities.
Quickly order your fluconazole <a href="https://seraamedia.org/purchase-pharmacy-without-a-prescription/">pharmacy</a> easily for efficient relief.
Hoping to enhance your wellness with nature's bounty? Discover the array of options and uncover competitive https://ormondbeachflorida.org/propranolol/ to boost your health regime effortlessly.
Visit [URL=https://sarahvuongbridaljewellery.com/product/prednisone/]cost of prednisone 40 mg tablets[/URL] and discover the trusted way to acquire your medication via the internet.
Your hunt for a economical birth control option ends here: <a href="https://goldenedit.com/drugs/nizagara/">nizagara equivalent</a> . Find your route to affordable healthcare immediately.
Your health shouldn't be compromised. Find optimal hair loss solutions with https://tv-in-pc.com/amoxicillin/ . Prevent baldness effectively with our trusted treatments.
Securing <a href="https://youngdental.net/product/pharmacy/">pharmacy for sale overnight</a> can be a breeze when you are aware of where to find it.
Explore cost-effective options for your medication needs: https://the7upexperience.com/drugs/cialis-on-line/ . With our guide, locate the lowest costs easily on the web.
Research the most reliable sources to acquire <a href="https://tei2020.com/drugs/tadalafil-without-a-doctors-prescription/">generic tadalafil tablets</a> , essential for controlling hypertension and heart-related issues.
Discover the pathway to improved well-being with https://alliedentinc.com/drug/malegra/ , your go-to for herbal solutions.
Just in! Get the daily dose of vitality now. For those looking to improve their wellness, [URL=https://minimallyinvasivesurgerymis.com/item/speman/]speman drugs online[/URL] offers a convenient solution. No more waiting; experience a revitalized life today.
Explore the latest developments in health care on <a href="https://sadlerland.com/vitria/">cheap uk vitria</a> , your ultimate source for exploring new medical treatments.
Keep your intimate life vibrant and spontaneous; purchase rapid https://youngdental.net/trazodone/ to improve your experiences right away.
In need of immediate alleviation from persistent nasal congestion? Consider purchasing [URL=https://newyorksecuritylicense.com/mintop-forte-foam/]where to buy mintop forte foam[/URL] , a proven solution to ease your symptoms efficiently.
If you're searching for an effective treatment to tackle bacterial infections, consider <a href="https://tv-in-pc.com/pill/amoxicillin/">amoxil online quick delivery</a> . This medication is well-known for its efficacy against numerous types of bacteria.
Please look into employing https://winterssolutions.com/item/slimonil-men/ for your medical needs. They are a potent option for several ailments.
Considering your eye care needs, you can now secure [URL=https://winterssolutions.com/item/slimonil-men/]u.s. slimonil-men[/URL] conveniently. This advancement allows for simplified access to vital medication.
Zillions seeking effective remedy for their condition can now buy <a href="https://tv-in-pc.com/levitra/">levitra</a> , a trusted selection.
Browsing for an affordable way to manage your symptoms? Discover unparalleled prices and convenience by choosing to buy your pharmaceuticals through our website with https://the7upexperience.com/prednisone-canada/ .
Quickly order your medication with zero hassle. Click here for <a href="https://tv-in-pc.com/pill/retin-a-capsules/">retin a to buy</a> .
You can purchase your necessary medication https://tv-in-pc.com/pill/retin-a-capsules/ with convenience.