在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
Looking to manage obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Explore reliable treatment options. Your solution could be just a click away with <a href="https://winterssolutions.com/parlodel/">parlodel prices</a> .
Discover your path to wellness with inexpensive options. https://sjsbrookfield.org/product/flomax-without-a-doctors-prescription/ offers a range of prescriptions to manage your health efficiently.
Harnessing the power of advanced healthcare has never been easier with the [URL=https://sadlerland.com/product/bentyl/]bentyl price[/URL] . Whether you're looking for an easy solution to tackle your health needs, this product stands out as the ultimate selection.
Need to manage premature ejaculation? Explore how <a href="https://karachigo.com/dapoxetine/">dapoxetine</a> can help in prolonging intimacy duration.
Understanding your need for reliable and affordable hair loss solutions? Look no further than https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/kamagra/ , where you can acquire your solution effortlessly.
Acquire reliable pain relief by opting to buy your [URL=https://andrealangforddesigns.com/sildenafil/]sildenafil[/URL] immediately.
Having difficulty managing one's menstrual symptoms? Consider exploring <a href="https://thecultivarte.com/keto-cream/">prescription-free keto-cream</a> , a proven solution. Purchase it virtually to mitigate discomfort.
Browse the variety at https://usctriathlon.com/retin-a-generic/ for unbeatable prices on wellness products.
To obtain clomiphene for managing fertility issues, visit [URL=https://tv-in-pc.com/pill/tadalafil/]tadalafil en chine[/URL] .
Harness the power of online shopping to buy your <a href="https://usctriathlon.com/drugs/prednisone-online/">prednisone 40mg</a> safely and quickly.
Revitalize your vigor effortlessly with https://columbiainnastoria.com/drugs/nizagara/ , now accessible to buy online.
Buy your cost-effective [URL=https://johncavaletto.org/pill/vega/]vega online uk[/URL] online to relieve allergy symptoms effectively.
Keep your pain and fever at bay with just a click! <a href="https://youngdental.net/vpxl/">vpxl.com</a> now and receive your treatment promptly.
Regain control over your well-being by visiting https://nabba-us.com/drugs/tadalafil/ , your ultimate source for quality pharmaceuticals.
Obtaining <a href="https://fpny.org/fildena-150mg/">fildena</a> over the internet has never been easier, ensuring individuals get their treatment promptly.
Maximize your well-being by opting to buy your pharmaceuticals digitally, including the option to https://the7upexperience.com/online-generic-prednisone/ , ensuring simplicity and confidentiality.
Obtaining [URL=https://bluemooncafedothan.com/drug/amoxicillin/]amoxicillin[/URL] has never been more accessible, ensuring you receive your treatment without delay.
I discovered a reliable treatment for acid reflux with <a href="https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/ventolin/">ventolin 100mcg</a> . Order it immediately for fast relief.
Get the relief you need with https://spiderguardtek.com/item/nizagara/ , available now. Order easily on the web.
Considering the need for nervousness management, individuals seek reliable sources to buy their medications. [URL=https://sjsbrookfield.org/item/zoloft/]zoloft[/URL] provides a convenient option for those intending to treat their symptoms effectively.
When seeking effective management for epilepsy or bipolar disorder, consider <a href="https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/vardenafil/">generic vardenafil</a> as your choice.
"Quickly find discounts on your next purchase with https://goldenedit.com/drugs/flomax/ . Cut costs easily on vital medication."
Considering managing hormonal imbalances? Explore [URL=https://suddenimpactli.com/levitra/]levitra 20mg[/URL] for relief.
Optimize your eyelash growth effectively with <a href="https://karachigo.com/retin-a-price-at-walmart/">retin a price at walmart</a> , now available to buy via our website.
Discover affordable alternatives to the brand-name medication with https://usctriathlon.com/order-amoxicillin/ , providing broad-spectrum treatment for bacterial infections.
Relieve digestive discomfort quickly with our herbal solution. Go to <a href="https://suddenimpactli.com/pharmacy/">low cost pharmacy</a> for details.
Visit https://marcagloballlc.com/drugs/tadalafil/ to purchase antiviral medication, ensuring safety against viruses with ease and convenience.
Boost your hair growth journey with [URL=https://tv-in-pc.com/nizagara/]nizagara brand[/URL] , the ultimate solution for those struggling with hair loss. Boost your confidence by tackling thinning hair directly.