在SQL查询中,关键词SELECT、FROM、WHERE、GROUP BY、HAVING和ORDER BY的组合使用定义了数据的筛选、分组、排序等操作。理解这些关键字的执行顺序对于构建有效且高效的查询至关重要。以下是这些关键字的执行顺序详解及案例说明:
执行顺序详解
- FROM子句:
- 指定查询的数据源,既要从哪个表中获取数据。如果有多个表通过JOIN连接,那么会先计算这些表的笛卡尔积,然后根据JOIN条件和ON字句进行筛选。
- JOIN子句:
- 指定表之间的连接类型(如INNER JOIN、LEFT JOIN等)和连接条件。JOIN操作会在FROM子句之后进行,用于合并来自不同表的数据。
- WHERE子句:
- 在数据分组和聚合之前,根据指定的条件筛选记录。只有满足WHERE条件的记录才会被保留下来进行后续的操作。
- GROUP BY子句:
- 将筛选后的记录按照一个或多个列进行分组。分组后,后续的操作(如聚合函数)将作用于这些分组上。
- HAVING子句(如果有的话):
- 对分组后的数据进行筛选。与WHERE子句不同,HAVING子句可以使用聚合函数。只有满足HAVING条件的分组才会被保留下来。
- SELECT子句:
- 选择需要返回的列或表达式。这包括聚合函数的结果、列的别名等。SELECT子句是在所有筛选和分组操作之后执行的。
- DISTINCT子句(如果有的话):
- 对SELECT子句返回的结果进行去重。DISTINCT子句通常与SELECT子句一起使用,以确保返回的结果集中不包含重复的行。
- ORDER BY子句:
- 对查询结果进行排序。ORDER BY子句可以在SELECT子句之后指定一个或多个列作为排序的依据。排序可以是升序(ASC)或降序(DESC)。
- LIMIT子句(如果有的话):
- 限制查询结果的行数。LIMIT字句通常用于分页查询,可以指定从结果集的哪一行开始返回,以及返回多少行。
案例分析
案例1:查询每个部门的员工数量,并按员工数量降序排列
SELECT department,COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
ORDER BY employee_countDESC;
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